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Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
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Role in the rate of airway bud extension
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Involved in the formation of new alveoli
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Limits proliferation or migration of branching epithelium
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FGF among the signals that confer anterior-posterior identity
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Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)
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Important in regulating lung cell proliferation and asymmetry
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Negatively regulates FGF10
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Limits lung bud growth
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NK2 homeobox (NKX2.1)
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Important in formation of tracheo-oesophageal septum
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Essential for initiating branching
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Notch
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Key role in cell-cell communication during lung development
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Promotes proximal lung cell fates
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Planar Cell Polarity (PCP)
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Drives polarisation of cells
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Required for branching
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Involved in determining lung architecture
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Retinoic Acid
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Promotes growth of the primary lung buds
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Down-regulates TGF β signalling
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Transforming growth factor β/Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)- SMAD (TGFβ/BMP-SMAD)
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Can inhibit/stimulate lung morphogenesis
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Contributes to distal lung development
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BMP among the signal that confer anterior-posterior identity
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Wnt/β-catenin
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Negatively regulates branching
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Involved in developing peripheral airways
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