Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
|
Role in the rate of airway bud extension
|
Involved in the formation of new alveoli
|
Limits proliferation or migration of branching epithelium
|
FGF among the signals that confer anterior-posterior identity
|
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)
|
Important in regulating lung cell proliferation and asymmetry
|
Negatively regulates FGF10
|
Limits lung bud growth
|
NK2 homeobox (NKX2.1)
|
Important in formation of tracheo-oesophageal septum
|
Essential for initiating branching
|
Notch
|
Key role in cell-cell communication during lung development
|
Promotes proximal lung cell fates
|
Planar Cell Polarity (PCP)
|
Drives polarisation of cells
|
Required for branching
|
Involved in determining lung architecture
|
Retinoic Acid
|
Promotes growth of the primary lung buds
|
Down-regulates TGF β signalling
|
Transforming growth factor β/Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)- SMAD (TGFβ/BMP-SMAD)
|
Can inhibit/stimulate lung morphogenesis
|
Contributes to distal lung development
|
BMP among the signal that confer anterior-posterior identity
|
Wnt/β-catenin
|
Negatively regulates branching
|
Involved in developing peripheral airways
|