Fig. 1
From: Cutting edge of COPD therapy: current pharmacological therapy and future direction
Therapeutic targets for future pharmacological therapy of COPD. Recent advances in the research of underlying chronic inflammation provide new therapeutic targets for COPD patients. These possible therapeutic approaches include new antioxidants, inflammasome inhibitors, antagonists of cytokines or chemokines, inhibitors for pro-inflammatory kinase, antiproteases, and epigenetic modulation. IKK: inhibitor of NF-κB kinase; IL: interleukin; JAK: janus kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated kinase; NRF-2: NF-E2-related factor; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase