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Fig. 3 | COPD Research and Practice

Fig. 3

From: Lung hyperinflation in COPD: applying physiology to clinical practice

Fig. 3

A schematic diagram showing the potential deleterious effects of lung hyperinflation on cardio-pulmonary interactions in patients with COPD. These interactions may vary according to phase alignment between the respiratory and cardiac cycles. There are also important modulating effects of volemic status, sympathetic nervous system activation, ventilation-related vagal reflexes and comorbidities (e.g., pulmonary hypertension and chronic heart failure) which are not depicted. Abbreviations: Circ, circulation; LV, left ventricular; Pab, abdominal pressure; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; Ppl, pleural pressure; Pulm, pulmonary; Syst, systemic; RV, right ventricular. (From: [15])

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