Table 1 Summary of epidemiological study
COPD risk of T2D | Population studied | Findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
Prospective cohort study with a mean follow up of 20.9 years | n:1,050 men (with no self-reported DM) included in the final analysis mean age: 41.4 years mean BMI: 25.6 kg/m2 | Reduced FVC, FEV1 and MMEF were associated with greater fasting insulin and fasting insulin resistance after logistic regression analysis. | Lazarus et al [13] |
Prospective cohort study with a mean follow up of 13 years | n: 382 non-diabetic men BMI: 24.4–24.7 years (depends on the pulmonary VC subgroup) | 15 new cases of DM 2 were diagnosed during the follow up. DM and glucose were inversely associated with baseline VC. | Engstrom et al [14] |
Prospective cohort study with a follow up of 5 years | n: 9,220 men non-diabetic at baseline mean age: 41.4 years mean baseline BMI: 24.4 kg/m2 for patients without type 2 DM at follow up and 26.7 kg/m2 for patients with type 2 DM at follow up | 207 patients developed T2D with the incidence of 2.2 %. FEV1 and FVC were negatively associated with T2D. In patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 the lowest quartile of FVC and FEV1 had OR of 2.15 (95 % CI 1.02–4.57) and 2.19 (95 % CI 1.09–4.42) for incident T2D. | Kwon et al [16] |
Prospective cohort study. From 1988 to 1996 | data from the Nurses’ Health Study from 1988 to 1996 which enrolled 103,614 females | COPD was found to have a multivariate RR of 1.8 (95 % CI 1.1-2.8) for new onset T2D. | Rana et al [15] |
Prospective study of middle-aged and older US women followed over 12 years | 38,570 women who were aged ≥ 45 years, free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baselineand free of diabetes at baseline | The presence of COPD was associated with an approximately 1.50-fold increased risk of T2D independently of traditional diabetes risk factors including cigarette smoking | Song et al [17] |
Cohort from the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD Study (COPDGene) | smokers with and without COPD at 21 clinical centers throughout the United States Between 2007– 2011 | Non-emphysematous COPD, defined by airflow obstruction with a paucity of emphysema on chest CT scan, is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. | Hersh et al [18] |